MASIH TERBUKANYA PELUANG PENELITIAN PROSES CARON UNTUK MENGOLAH LATERIT KADAR RENDAH DI INDONESIA

Puguh Prasetiyo

Abstract

Indonesia memiliki cadangan nikel pada peringkat dua dunia. Cadangan tersebut berupa bijih nikel oksida yang  lazim disebut  laterit, berada di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) terutama di Sulawesi Tenggara dan Halmahera. Adapun laterit terdiri dari limonit berkadar Ni<1,5 % dan saprolit berkadar Ni>1,5 %. Laterit kadar tinggi saprolit berkadar   Ni>1,8 % sudah diolah di Sulawesi Tenggara dengan jalur pyrometalurgi oleh PT Antam (Aneka Tambang) untuk memproduksi FeNi (ferro nikel) di Pomalaa, dan PT INCO Canada untuk memproduksi nikel mattte (Ni-matte) di Soroako. Laterit kadar rendah yang terdiri dari limonit dan saprolit dengan kandungan Ni<1,8 %, belum diolah di dalam negeri. Secara komersial untuk mengolah laterit kadar rendah digunakan proses Caron yang pertama kali dibangun di Nicaro Cuba oleh Freeport USA pada tahun 1942. Atau proses HPAL (High Pressure Acid Leaching) juga pertama kali dibangun di Moa Bay Cuba oleh Freeport USA pada tahun 1959. Kedua proses tersebut tergolong dalam jalur hydrometalurgi, dan pemilihan proses tergantung  dari  kondisi  bijih  terutama  pada  kandungan  Mg  (magnesium).  Laterit  kadar  rendah  dengan kandungan Mg (magnesium) rendah (Mg < 6 % atau MgO < 10 %) lebih sesuai untuk diolah dengan proses HPAL, dan magnesium tinggi (Mg > 6 % atau MgO > 10 %) diolah dengan proses Caron. Dalam perkembangannya setelah tahun 1990-an, proses Caron mulai ditinggalkan karena mengkonsumsi energi tinggi dengan perolehan yang rendah untuk nikel (Ni : 70 – 80 %) maupun kobal (Co maks 50 %). Selanjutnya beralih ke proses HPAL karena proses ini mengkonsumsi energi rendah dengan perolehan tinggi untuk nikel (Ni > 90%) maupun kobal (Co > 90 %). Dengan melihat kenyataan kegagalan tiga HPAL plant generasi kedua di Australia (Bulong tutup 2003, Cawse tutup 2008, dan Murrin Murrin berpindah kepemilikan ke Minara pada 2003/2004 dan beralih ke heap leach tahun 2007). Serta masih berlangsungnya Caron plant di Cuba (Nicaro dan Punta Gorda), Queensland Nickel di Yabulu Australia, dan Tocantin Brasilia. Maka proses Caron masih punya peluang untuk mengolah laterit kadar rendah di Indonesia. Peluang tersebut semakin terbuka apabila perolehan metal (recovery Ni dan Co) pada proses Caron bisa ditingkatkan setara dengan perolehan metal (recovery Ni dan Co) pada proses HPAL, dan ekonomis konsumsi energinya.

 

Abstract

Indonesia had the resources of nickel at the second in the world. The resources are nickel oxide which said laterite. The abundant of laterite locate at Sulawesi Tenggara (South-East Sulawesi) and Halmahera. There are two main mineral in laterite, limonit contains Ni<1,5% and saprolit contains Ni>1,5%. The high grade nickel saprolit contains Ni>1,8% has been processed in Sulawesi Tenggara to produce FeNi (ferro nickel) in Pomalaa by PT Antam, and to produce Ni-matte (nickel matte) in Sorowako by PT INCO Canada. The low grade laterite (limonit and saprolit contains Ni<1,8%) not yet processed in Indonesia. To process the low grade laterite are used Caron’s process or HPAL’s process (High Pressure Acid Leaching). The condition of laterite’s ores are used to choice the process. The Caron’s process is remained after 1990’s because it consume high energy with low metal recovery (Ni : 70 – 80 % Co max 50 %). The choice to process low gradelaterite is HPAL because it consume low energy wiyh high recovery of metal (Ni > 90 % and Co > 90 %). The fact three HPAL plant in Australia unsuccessful (Bulong closed on 2003, Cawse closed on 2008, and Murrin Murrin taked over by Minara and change to heap leach on 2007) and the Caron plant still exist in Cuba (Nicaro and Punta Gorda), Queensland Nickel di Australia, and Tocantin Brasilia. Then Caron’s process still have opportunity to process the low grade laterite in Indonesia if the recovery of metal can be increase as same as HPAL and the consume of energy can be decreased.

Keywords

Laterit kadar rendah; Limonit; Saprolit; Hidrometalurgi; Proses Caron; Proses HPAL; Magnesium (Mg); Low grade of laterite; Ilmonite; Saprolite; Hydrometallurgy; Caron process; HPAL process; Magnesium (Mg)

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