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Email this article Magnet Nanokomposit Sebagai Magnet Permanen Masa Depan [Nanocomposite Magnets as Future Permanent Magnets]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper reviews research and development of permanent magnet materials based on study literatures that have been conducted by researchers in more than 100 years. It is known that the era of modern permanent magnets began in the early 19th century and lasted for approximately 100 years. In the past 100 years, it turned out the research focus of the researchers was to look for potential magnetic compounds. Not surprisingly, in a period of 100 years that various types of magnetic compounds were found. The rare earth metal magnet Nd-Fe-B was found at the end of the 19th century with a maximum energy product value or (BH)max of 56 MGOe (448 kJ.m-3) obtained. The value is the highest value ever achieved by researchers to date. However, the authors observe that since the early 20th century, there has been a change in the focus of research development that is currently not focus on the search and discovery of new magnetic phases, but rather to develop the magnetic material structure through the incorporation of hard magnetic phases with high magnetocrystalline value with a soft magnetic phase that has a high saturated magnetization value in a composite structure to become a nanocomposite magnets. The nanocomposite magnets are permanent magnets with superior magnetism properties compared to conventional magnets. The excellence magnetic properties are the value of remanent magnetization (Mr) and the maximum energy product (BH)max due to the effect of exchange coupled spring between the hard and soft magnetic phases so as to align the magnetic orientation of the two magnetic phases under the influence of exchange interaction. The theoretical researchers have also explored the potential of a nanocomposite permanent magnet and assigned (BH)max value of 1 MJ.m-3 as the ultimate value that must be achieved experimentally. The ultimate value has opened big challenges and become a new destination for experimental researchers. In this review paper, we present knowledge, research, and methods on improving the magnetism properties of ferrite, rare earth, and alloy metals based on exchange interaction mechanisms during the exchange spring magnet between hard and soft phases.
Abstrak
Naskah ini dibuat berdasarkan kajian literatur tentang penelitian dan pengembangan material magnet permanen terutama pengembangan yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti dalam lebih 100 tahun belakangan. Diketahui bahwa, era magnet permanen modern dimulai pada awal abad ke 19 berlangsung kurang lebih 100 tahun. Dalam 100 tahun kebelakang, ternyata fokus penelitian para peneliti adalah pencarian senyawa magnetik yang potensial. Tidak mengherankan bila dalam periode 100 tahun tersebut berbagai jenis senyawa magnetik berhasil ditemukan. Diawali dengan steel sebagai magnet permanen telah digunakan pada awal abad 19, menyusul kelas-kelas magnetik lainnya seperti alnico, magnet keramik, magnet logam tanah jarang Sm-Co dan terakhir magnet magnet logam tanah jarang Nd-Fe-B dan Sm-Fe-N. Magnet logam tanah jarang Nd-Fe-B ditemukan diujung abad 19 dengan nilai maximum energy product atau (BH)max sebesar 56 MGOe (448 kJ.m-3) telah berhasil diperoleh. Nilai tersebut adalah nilai tertinggi yang pernah dicapai oleh para peneliti sampai saat ini. Namun, penulis mengamati bahwa sejak awal abad 20, ternyata telah terjadi perubahan pada fokus pengembangan penelitian yaitu saat ini tidak lagi berfokus pada pencarian dan penemuan fasa magnetik baru, akan tetapi lebih kepada merekayasa struktur material magnetik melalui penggabungan fasa magnetik keras yang memiliki konstanta magnetocrystalline tinggi dengan fasa magnetik lunak yang memiliki nilai magnetisasi jenuh yang tinggi dalam sebuah struktur komposit sehingga menjadi magnet nanokomposit. Magnet nanokomposit adalah magnet permanen dengan sifat kemagnetan yang lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan magnet konvensional. Keunggulan dimaksud adalah pada nilai magnetisasi remanen (Mr) dan nilai produk energi maksimum (BH)max yang tinggi disebabkan terjadinya efek exchange coupled spring antara fasa maknetik keras dan lunak sehingga mensejajarkan arah magnetisasi kedua fasa magnetik dibawah pengaruh interaksi pertukaran. Para peneliti teoritik pun telah menggali potensi magnet permanen nanokomposit dan menetapkan nilai (BH)max sebesar 1 MJ.m-3 sebagai nilai ultimate yang harus dapat dicapai secara eksperimental. Nilai ultimate tersebut telah membuka tantangan yang besar dan menjadi destinasi baru bagi para peneliti eksperimental. Dalam makalah review ini, disampaikan pengetahuan, penelitian, dan metoda tentang peningkatan sifat kemagnetan material ferit, tanah jarang, dan logam paduan berdasarkan exchan ge interaction mechanism pada saat terjadinya exchange spring magnet antara fasa keras dan fasa lunak.
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